| Ball and stick model |
a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows
bond relationships clearly |
| Band model |
a molecular model for metals in which the electrons are
assumed to travel around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed from the valence
atomic orbitals of the metal atoms |
| Barometer |
a device for measuring atmospheric pressure |
| Base |
a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution,
a proton acceptor |
| Base dissociation constant (Kb) |
the equilibrium constant for the reaction of a base with
water to produce the conjugate acid and the hydroxide ion |
| Basic anhydride |
a metallic oxide that can combine with water to form a base |
| Basic oxide |
an ionic oxide that dissolves in water to produce a basic
solution |
| Basic oxygen process |
a process for producing steel by oxidizing and removing the
impurities in iron using a high-pressure blast of oxygen |
| Battery |
a group of galvanic cells connected in series |
| Beer-Lambert Law |
the quantitative relationship between the absorbance of
radiant energy, the concentration of the sample solution, and the length of the path
through the sample |
| Beta particle (b) |
an electron produced in radioactive decay |
| Bidentate ligand |
a ligand that can form two bonds to a metal ion |
| Bilayer |
a portion of the cell membrane consisting of phospholipids
with their nonpolar tails in the interior and their polar heads interfacing with the polar
water molecules |
| Bimolecular elementary process |
an elementary process in which two molecules collide to form
the transition state |
| Bimolecular step |
a reaction involving the collision of two molecules |
| Binary compound |
a two element compound |
| Binding energy |
the energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component
nucleons |
| Biochemistry |
the study of chemistry of living systems |
| Biomolecule |
a molecule responsible for maintaining and/or reproducing
life |
| Blast furnace |
a furnace in which iron oxide is reduced to iron metal by
using a very strong blast of hot air to produce carbon monoxide from coke, and then using
this gas as a reducing agent for the iron |
| Bond dissociation energy |
the enthalpy change per mole for the dissociation in the gas
phase of a particular bond in a molecule or molecule fragment |
| Bond energy |
the energy required to break a given chemical bond |
| Bond length |
the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by
a bond; the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal |
| Bond molecular orbital |
a molecular orbital in which the electron density is
concentrated int he region between two nuclei and in which the electron energy is lower
than in two separated atoms |
| Bond order |
the difference between the number of bonding electrons and
the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two |
| Bonding molecular orbital |
an orbital lower in energy than the atomic arbitals of which
it is composed |
| Bonding pair |
an electron pair found in the space between two atoms |
| Borane |
a covalent hydride of boron |
| Boyle's Law |
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature
varies inversely with the pressure |
| Breeder reactor |
a nuclear reactor in which fissionable fuel is produced while
the reactor runs |
| Bronsted-Lowry model |
a model proposing that an acid is a proton donor, and a base
is a proton acceptor |
| Buffer |
a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair that has the ability
to maintain a nearly constant pH when small amounts of either acid or base are added |
| Buffer capacity |
the ability of a buffer solution to absorb protons or
hydroxide ions w/o a significant change in pH; determined by the magnitudues of [HA] and
[A-] in the solution |
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