| Ideal Gas |
a gas that obeys the ideal gas law exactly |
| Ideal Gas Constant |
The molar gas constant R in the
equation of state for an ideal gas, PV = nRT; R |
| Ideal gas law |
an equation of state for a gas, where the state of the gas is
its condition at a given time; expressed by PV = nRT, where P ~ pressure, V =
volume, n = moles of the gas, R = the universal gas constant, and T =
absolute temperature This equation expresses behavior approached by real gases at high T
and low P |
| Ideal Solution |
a solution in which each component behaves independently of
the other components |
| Igneous Rocks |
Rocks formed by crystallization from a hot, molten mass magma |
| Immiscible |
Unable to mix to form a homogeneous mixture |
| Indicator |
a substance added to the solution during a titration that
changes color when the equivalence point has been reached; a conjugate acid-base pair, of
which at least one form is highly colored, used to determine pH or pH changes |
| Inert pair effect |
the tendency for the heavier Group 3a elements to exhibit the
+I as well as the expected +3 oxidation states, and Group 4a elements to exhibit the +2 as
well as the +4 oxidation states |
| Inhibitor |
a substance that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Inhibition (of combustion) |
the process whereby a polymer is made flame-retardant by
interrupting the cycle of combustion |
| Initiation Step |
The first step in a chain reaction mechanism |
| Inner Transition Metals |
Elements of the f block of the periodic table |
| Instability Constant |
The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a complex
ion |
| Insulator |
a substance that does not readily conduct energy |
| Integrated rate law |
an expression that shows the concentration of a reactant as a
function of time |
| Intensive Property |
a property characteristic of a substance and independent of
the size of the sample under examination |
| Interhalogen compound |
a compound formed by the reaction of one halogen with another
|
| Intermediate |
a species that is neither a reactant nor a product but that
is formed and consumed in the reaction sequence |
| Intermediate Reactant |
a substance formed during a reaction that undergoes further
reaction |
| Intermolecular forces |
relatively weak interactions that occur between molecules |
| Interstitial Site |
a site located between regular lattice positions in a crystal |
| Internal Energy |
The total energy of a chemical system |
| Intrinsic Semiconductor |
a semiconductor in which electric conduction is
characteristic of the substance |
| Ion |
an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge |
| Ion exchange (water softening) |
the process in which an ion-exchange resin removes unwanted
ions (for example, Ca 2+ and Mg2+) and replaces them with Na+ ions, which do not interfere
with soap and detergent action |
| Ion pairing |
a phenomenon occurring in solution when oppositely charged
ions aggregate and behave as a single particle |
| Ion-product constant |
the equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water; K,
= [H+][OH-] at 25T, Kw equals 10 X 10-14 |
| Ion-selective electrode |
an electrode sensitive to the concentration of a particular
ion in solution |
| Ionic bonding |
the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| Ionic compound (binary) |
a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal
to form a cation and an anion |
| Ionic solid |
a solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water
to give a solution containing the separated ions which are mobile and thus free to conduct
electrical current |
| Ionization energy |
the quantity of energy required to remove an electron from a
gaseous atom or ion |
| Isoelectronic ions |
ions containing the same number of electrons |
| Isomers |
species with the same formula but different properties |
| Isotactic chain |
a polymer chain in which the substituent groups such as CH3
are all arranged on the same side of the chain |
| Isothermal Process |
A process taking place at constant temperature |
| Isotonic solutions |
solutions having identical osmotic pressures |
| Isotopes |
atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) with
different numbers of neutrons. They have identical atomic numbers but different mass
numbers |
