| Calorie |
the amount of energy requird to raise the temperature of one
gram of water one degree Celsius, equal to 4.184 J |
| Calorimeter |
a devicie used to measure energy changes accompnying chemical
and physical changes by observing temperature alterations |
| Capillary action |
the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube |
| Carbohydrate |
a polyhydroxyl ketone or polyhydroxyl aldehyde or a polymer
composed of these |
| Carbon steel |
an alloy of iron containing up to about 1.5% carbon |
| Carboxyhemoglobin |
a stable complex of hemoglobin and carbon omonxide that
prevents normal oxygen update in the blood |
| Carboxyl group |
the -COOH group in an organic acid |
| Catalyst |
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without being consumed itself |
| Catalytic converter |
a system to catalyze teh combusion of carbon monoxide and
unburned hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gases |
| Cathode |
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs |
| Carhode rays |
streams of electrons emitted from the cathode of a discharge
tube |
| Cathodic protection |
a method in which an active metal, such as magnesium, is
connected to steel in order to protect it from corrosion |
| Cation |
a positive ion |
| Cell potental |
the driving force in a galvanic cell that pulls electrons
from the reducing agent in one compartment to the oxidizing agent in the other |
| Ceramic |
a nonmetallic material made from clay and hardened by firing
at high temperature; it contains minute silicate crystals suspended in a glassy cement |
| Chain mechanism |
a reaction mechanism in which an intermediate reactant
consumed in an early step is regenerated in a later step |
| Chain reaction |
a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production of
neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei |
| Chalcogens |
the elements of group 6A of the periodic table |
| Charge density |
the charge per unit volume of an ion |
| Charles' Law |
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins |
| Chelate |
a coordination complex containing rings formed by polydentate
ligands |
| Chemical adsorption |
the attachment of molecules to a surface by attractions of
the strength of reactants and products are constant |
| Chemical bond |
the energy that holds two atoms together in a compound |
| Chemical change |
the change of substances into other substances through a
reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction |
| Chemical equation |
a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative
numbers of reactant and product molecules |
| Chemical equilibrium |
a dynamic reaction system in which the concentrations of all
reactants and products remain constant as a function of time |
| Chemical kinetics |
the area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates |
| Chemical property |
a preoperty observed when a substance undergoes a
transformation into one or more new substances |
| Chemical stoichiometry |
the calculation of the quantities of material consumed and
produced in chemical reactions |
| Chemiluminescence |
the emission of light from an excited state produced by
chemical reaction rather than by irradiation |
| Chiral molecules |
molecules that are not superimposable on their mirror images |
| Chlor-alkali process |
the process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide by
electrolyzing brine in a mercury cell |
| Chromatography |
the separation of a liquid or gaseous mixture by passage over
an adsorbent so that each component becomes adsorbed separately |
| Chromophore |
the group of atoms in a molecule responsible for teh
adsorption of radiation |
| Closed system |
a system that can exchange only energy with its surroundings |
| Coagulation |
the destruction of a colloid by causing particles to
aggregate and settle out |
| Codons |
organic bases in sets of three that form the genetic ode |
| Colligative properties |
the properties of solutions - vapor pressure, boiling point,
freezing point, and oxmotic pressure -- that are independent of the identity of the solute
but are determined by the number of particles in the solution |
| Collision model |
a model based on the idea that molecules must collide to
react; used to account for the observed characteristics of reaction rates |
| Colloid |
a suspension of particles in a dispering medium |
| Combustion reaction |
the vigorous and exothermic reaction that takes place between
certain substances, particularly organic compounds and oxygen |
| Common ion |
the ion of a soluble salt that is the same as the ion formed
by the dissociation of a weak acid or base or by the dissolution of a slightly soluble
salt |
| Common ion effect |
the shift in an eqiulibrium position caused by the addition
or presence of an ion involved in the equilibrium reaction |
| Complete ionic reaction |
an equation that shows all substances that are strong
electrolytes as ions |
| Complex ion |
an ion resulting from the coordination of several Lewis-base
ligands with a metal ion |
| Compound |
a substance with constant composition that can be broken down
into elements by chemical processes |
| Compressible |
capable of being reduced in volume through exertion of
external pressure |
| Concentration |
the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or
solution |
| Concentration cell |
a galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same
components, but at different concentrations |
| Condensation |
the process by which vapor molecules reform a liquid |
| Condensation polymerization |
a type of polymerization in which the formation of a small
molecule, such as water, accompanies the extension of the polymer chain |
| Condensation reactions |
a reaction in which two molecules are joined, accompanied by
the elimination of a water molecule |
| Condensed states |
liquids and solids |
| Conduction bands |
the band ofmolecular orbitals in a metal through which
electrons are free to move |
| Conjugate Acid |
the acid formed by the addition of proton to a base |
| Conjugate Base |
the base formed by the removal of a proton to an acid |
| Continuous spectrum |
a spectrum containing radiation of all wavelengths |
| Contributing structures |
the different Lewis structures that can be written for a
molecule exhibiting resonance |
| Control rods |
rods in a nuclear reactor composed of substances that absorb
neutrons. These rods regulate the power level of the reactor |
| Coordinate covalent bond |
a metal-ligand bond resulting from the interaction of a Lewis
base (the ligand) and a Lewis acid (the metal ion) |
| Coordinate compound |
a compound composed of a complex ion and counter ions
sufficient to give no net charge |
| Coordination isomerism |
isomerism in a coordination compound in which the composition
of the coordination sphere of the metal ion varies |
| Coordination number |
the number of bonds formed between the metal ion and ligands
in a complex ion |
| Copolymer |
a polymer formed from the polymerization of more than one
type of monomer |
| Core electron |
an inner electron in an atom; one not in the outermost
(valence) principle quantum level |
| Corrosion |
the process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere |
| Coulomb |
the quantity of electricity transferred by a current of one
amp in one second |
| Coulomb's Law |
the force acting between a pair of charged particles is
directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them |
| Coulometer |
an electrolysis cell used to measure the quantity of
electricity flowing concurrently through a second electrolysis cell connected in series |
| Counter ions |
anions or cations that balance the charge on the complex ion
in a coordination compound |
| Covalent bonding |
a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms |
| Cracking |
a process whereby large molecules of petrolum components are
broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds |
| Critical mass |
the mass of fissionable material required to produce a
self-sustaining chain reaction |
| Critical point |
the temperature and pressure above which a liquid state
cannot exist |
| Critical pressure |
the minimum pressure required to produce liquefaction of a
substance at the critical temperature |
| Critical reaction |
a reaction in which exactly one neutron from each fission
event causes another fission event, thus sustaining the chain reaction |
| Critical temperature |
the temperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no
matter what pressure is applied |
| Crosslinking |
the existence of bonds between adjacent chains in a polymer,
thus adding strength to the material |
| Crust |
the outermost thin layer of the earth |
| Crystal field theory |
a bonding model for coordination complexes picturing ligands
as charges that split the energy levels of the d orbitals of the metal atom or
ion |
| Crystalline solid |
a solid with a regular arrangement of its components |
| Cubic closest packed structure |
a solid modeled by the closest packing of spheres with an
abcabc arrangement of layers; the unit cell is face-centered cubic |
| Cyanidation |
a process in which crushed gold ore is treated with an
aqueous cyanide solution in the presence of air to dissolve the gold. Pure gold is
recovered by reduction of the ion to the metal |
| Cyclotron |
a circular device for accelerating ions for use in nuclear
reactors |
| Cytochromes |
a series of ion-containing specis composed of heme and a
protein. Cytochromes are the principle electron-transfer molecules in the respiratory
chain |
